Category Archives: Miscellaneous

Difference between Ionic and Molecular compound

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Difference between Ionic and Molecular Compound
compound Ionic and molecular compound are the two main variety of compound .Every thing in this world is either classified as ionic or molecular compound.The difference between ionic and molecular compound lies in the nature of bonding between the elements of the compounds.

Ionic Compound:-

Ionic compound are the compounds having the Ionic bond between its elements.
First we need to understand Ions  to understand the Ionic bond.
 Ion:-
An ion is an atom or molecule where the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge.

Ionic Bond:-

An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond that involves a metal and a non-metal ion (or polyatomic ions ) through electrostatic attraction. In short, it is a bond formed by the attraction between two oppositely charged ions.
The metal donates one or more electrons, forming a positively charged ion( or cation) with a stable electron configuration(completing its octate). These electrons then enter the non metal, causing it to form a negatively charged ion (or anion) which also has a stable electron configuration(completing its octate).The electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions causes them to come together and form a bond.

Na + Cl → (Na+ ) +( Cl−) → NaCl

Molecular compound:-
Molecular Compound are also know as Covalent compound because they have covalent bond between its element. 
Covalent Bond:-
Covalent bonds are the chemical bond in which pair of electrons are shared between the atoms and other covalent bond to fulfil its octate partially.
In the molecule H2, the hydrogen atoms share the two electrons via covalent bonding. Covalency is greatest between atoms of similar electro-negativities.
covalent bonding does not necessarily require the two atoms be of the same elements, only that they be of comparable electro-negativity.
Only covalent bond will be formed between atoms of same element.
covalent_bonding
Difference between Ionic and Molecular compound(Ionic and molecular compound):-
1)Ionic compound has Ionic bond between its elements whereas molecular compound has covalent bond between its element.
2)Ionic compound are good conductor of electricity in liquid or aqueous state whereas molecular are not.
3) ionic compounds are formed between metals and non-metals whereas Molecular compounds are formed between two non-metals.
4)Ionic compounds are always solid and crystalline in appearance whereas molecular compounds can be in any physical state – solid, liquid, or gas.
5)Ionic compound are found in lesser number then molecular compound.
6)Ionic compound formed when overall energy change for the reaction is favourable – when the bonded atoms have a lower energy than the free ones whereas the strength of covalent bond(of molecular compound) depends on the angular relation between atoms in polyatomic molecules.


Difference between Peanut butter and butter

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Difference between Peanut butter and butter

butter Peanut butter and butter are two food spreads which have been used worldwide every morning in households for breakfast. Difference between peanut butter and butter are explained in their history, taste, nutritious value and effects on health. Let’s explore them in detail.

Peanut butter:-

Peanut butter is a food paste made from ground dry roasted peanuts, which is sold as either “crunchy” or “smooth” variety. Peanut butter contains hydrogenated vegetable oil to stabilize it, salt to prevent spoilage, and dextrose and other sweeteners to enhance taste.
Peanut butter marketed as Natural, or Organic, might only contain peanuts and salt.

Butter:-

Butter is a dairy product made by churning fresh or fermented cream or milk. Butter is normally produced from the milk of cow. But butter is also made from milk of other mammals like goats, sheep, buffalo and yaks. It is generally used as a spread and a condiment, as well as in cooking applications such as baking, sauce making, and frying.
Butter consists of butterfat, water and milk proteins.

History:-

Peanut butter can be traced to Marcellus Gilmore Edson, who had got a patent in 1884 for the “fluid or semi-fluid state” of the roasted peanuts when it was milled between heated surfaces.
Butter has been in use for centuries. Romans, Greeks, Indians and Arabs have been using butter for very long centuries. Most references to butter in ancient Near Eastern texts should more correctly be translated as ghee.
In India, ghee has been a symbol of purity and an offering to the gods. Since India’s prehistory, ghee has been both a staple food and used for ceremonial purposes .
The tale of the child Krishna stealing butter remains a popular children’s story in India today.
Peanut butter is solid in room temperature. Butter remains solid when refrigerated but spreads at room temperature and melts at 32 to 35 degree Celsius.

Variant:-

Peanut butter comes in two form  smooth and crunchy.
Butter comes in following form:
1) Cultured butter.
2) Sweet cream butter 
3) Raw cream butter.
4) Spreadable butters
5) Whipped butter

Nutrition:-

Difference between peanutbutter and butter can be seen here very clearly,as both are very different in nutritious value.Butter comes with energy of 720 kcal, it is just 590 kcal in peanut butter.
Butter has higher fat content when compared to peanut butter.Butter contain 81 gm of fat per 100 gm whereas Butter contain only 50 gm of fat per 100 gm.
Comparing the protein level, butter comes with just one gm of protein while peanut butter has 25 gm of protein content.

Difference between Peanut butter and butter(Peanut butter vs butter):-

1) Peanut Butter is made from roasted butter whereas butter is made from milk.
2) Peanut Butter is solid in room temperature whereas butter spreads at room temperature.
3) Peanut Butter has a less  of calories(590 Kcal) and fat(50 gm) as compare to butter which has cal(720 Kcal) and fat (81gm).
4) Peanut butter has good amount of protein(25 gm) as compared to butter(1 gm).
5) Peanut butter is mainly used a spread whereas butter is also used as alternative to oil in cooking.


Difference between comet and asteroid

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Difference between comet and asteroid
comet Comets and asteroids are the near earth object having orbit of rotation. Difference between comet and asteroid lies in their origin, composition and behaviour. Lets’ discuss these outer space bodies which always creates too much excitement in us.

Comet:-
Comets are small, frozen mass of dust and gas revolving in an orbit around the Sun. As comets comes near the sun some of the ice present in comets vaporizes and form a visible coma around its solid body and sometimes a long tail of ions that points away from the Sun.
Asteroid:-
Asteroids are rocks found orbiting the sun, generally found between the planets of Mars and Jupiter and also in the Kuiper belt. They have very little or no ices around them that can be released by the heat of the sun and glow. So they are detected only by the sun light that they reflect from their relatively dark surfaces.
Asteroids are made up of metals and rocky material .They are formed about 4.5 billion years ago .They are formed close to the sun so do not have ice.
Comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky material. They are also formed about 4.5 billion years ago. Comets formed farther from the Sun where ices would not melt.
Since asteroids have much closer orbits (they are mostly concentrated on the asteroids belt where they orbit the sun between the planets Mars and Jupiter), they are easily known and recognized to exist in millions. Comets, on the other hand, are very far making very hard to know and study them. As of 2008, there are only 3,572 known comets. It is believed that comets originated from a hypothesized belt of orbiting material called the ‘Oort Cloud’.
There are some more term which are always confuses with asteroids and comets. Below definitions will help to understand asteroids and comets well.
Meteoroid:
A small particle from an asteroids or comets orbiting he Sun.
Meteor:
A meteoroid that is observed as it burns up in the Earth’s atmosphere – a shooting star.
Meteorite:
A meteoroid that survives its passage through the Earth’s atmosphere and impacts the Earth’s surface.
Difference between comet and asteroid (comet vs asteroid):-
1.  Comets have larger orbit whereas asteroids have smaller orbit.
2. Comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky material whereas asteroids are made up metals and rocky material.
3. Comets are icy cold as they are far from sun whereas asteroids are warmer due to near sun.
4. Comets form a coma and tail when near the sun while asteroids do not.
5. Comets are far so there is less number of comets discovered whereas asteroids are well known.
6. Comets are hypothesized to be concentrated in an orbiting belt very far away from the sun whereas asteroids are mostly found in the asteroids belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.


Difference between salt and iodized salt

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Difference between salt and iodized salt

salt.jpg Salt is one of the most important mineral for human life.The question will arise that what is iodized salt? Difference between salt and iodized salt; lies in the composition, dietary importance and benefits. Let’s explore more about these differences.

Salt:

Salt(also called as table salt) is compound consist of sodium and chlorine(NaCl) its scientific name is sodium chloride. Salt is one of the basic taste in day to day food. Salt is also an important preservative.

Iodised(Iodized) salt:-

Iodised salt (also spelled iodized salt) is table salt mixed with a minute amount of various iodine-containing salts. The ingestion of iodide prevents iodine deficiency.

Salt is a crystalline solid, white, pale pink or light gray in color. For consumption salt can be obtain from sea water (by mining sea beds or by evaporating sea water) or from rock deposits. Edible rock salts may be slightly greyish in color because of some other mineral content.

Salt can be used as refined or unrefined. Unrefined salt is commonly used for industrial purposes, but it can also used for cooking but unrefined salt is a bit bitter than the refined ones. Refined salt is considered more pure since other minerals are removed.

Birth (History) of Iodised (Iodized) salt:-

During the world war one, the government of the United States recognized that many young men, especially from the Midwest, were found and declared to be unfit for duty due to iodine deficiency. United States was alarmed by this development that prompts it to start a campaign and movement to have an increased dietary intake of iodine. By that time, salt were effectively added with iodine, hoping to make men healthier since salt is a basic ingredient in all types of cooking.

Soon, other countries followed suit because it clearly seemed beneficial and effective prevention move against health conditions caused by the lack of iodine in the system.

The most important iodine deficient areas in the world include the Himalayas(India) and the Andes.

Iodine deficiency affects 2 billion people and is the leading preventable cause of mental retardation and goitre. According to public health experts, iodisation of salt may be the world’s simplest and most cost-effective measure available to improve health, only costing USD$0.05(2.5 Rs) per person per year. At the World Summit for Children in 1990, a goal was set to eliminate iodine deficiency by 2000. At that time, 25% of households consumed iodised salt, a proportion that increased to 66% by 2006.

In the United States and Canada, one part of iodide is added to 10,000 parts of salt. In other countries, the ratio is one to 100,000. Iodination of water has been successfully used in some areas with adequate water supply and control of the iodination process. Iodination of irrigation water has been successfully used in China.

Difference between Salt and Iodized salt(salt vs iodized salt):-

1. Salt generally comes from the sea or rock deposits whereas iodized salt is a processed form of sea salt that is fortified with iodine.

2. Salt can be either refined or unrefined based on need whereas iodized salt is refined salt.

3. Other salts are also used for commercial and industrial purposes while iodized salt is primarily for cooking as iodine is added for dietary purposes only.

4.Salt contain only sodium chloride all other mineral are removed whereas ,iodized contain sodium chloride and salts(minerals containing iodine) of iodine.


Difference between UVA and UVB rays

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UVA vs UVB

UVA and UVB UVA and UVB are the UV (Ultra Violet rays) having very harmful effect in human body.Difference between UVA and UVB rays, their  characteristic and effect are the essential thing we should know,as these rays causes cancers in about more than a million persons around the world and more than 250,000 Americans each year.

UV(Ultra Violet) rays:-

UV radiation is part of the  light(electromagnetic spectrum) that reaches the earth from the sun. It has wavelengths shorter than visible light, making it invisible to the naked eye. These wavelengths are classified as UVA, UVB, or UVC.

UVA Rays :-

UVA having longest wavelength among the three UV rays  at 320–400 nanometres (nm, or billionths of a meter). UVA is further divided into two wave ranges, UVA I, which measures 340-400 nanometres (nm, or billionths of a meter), and UVA II which extends from 320–400 nanometres.

They are present with relatively equal intensity during all daylight hours throughout the year, and can penetrate clouds and glass.

 

UVB Rays:-

UVB wavelength ranges from 290 to 320 nm. UVB rays do not significantly penetrate glass.

With even shorter rays, most UVC is absorbed by the ozone layer and does not reach the earth.

 

Effect on human skin:-

UVA, which penetrates the skin more deeply than UVB, has long been known to play a major part in skin aging and wrinkling (photo aging), but until recently scientists believed it did not cause significant damage in areas of the epidermis (outermost skin layer) where most skin cancers occur.

UVA is the dominant tanning ray, and we now know that tanning, whether outdoors or in a salon, causes cumulative damage over time. A tan results from injury to the skin’s DNA; the skin darkens in an imperfect attempt to prevent further DNA damage. These imperfections, or mutations, can lead to skin cancer.

UVB, the chief cause of skin reddening and sunburn, tends to damage the skin’s more superficial epidermal layers. It plays a key role in the development of skin cancer and a contributory role in tanning and photo aging. Its intensity varies by season, location, and time of day.

The most significant amount of UVB hits the U.S. between 10 AM and 4 PM from April to October. However, UVB rays can burn and damage  skin year-round, especially at high altitudes and on reflective surfaces such as snow or ice, which bounce back up to 80 percent of the rays so that they hit the skin twice. UVB rays do not significantly penetrate glass.

Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and UV Radiation

sunscreen’s efficacy has been measured by its sun protection factor, or SPF. SPF is not an amount of protection per se. Rather, it indicates how long it will take for UVB rays to redden skin when using a sunscreen, compared to how long skin would take to redden without the product.someone using a sunscreen with an SPF of 15 will take 15 times longer to redden than without the sunscreen.

An SPF 15 sunscreen screens 93 percent of the sun’s UVB rays; SPF 30 protects against 97 percent; and SPF 50, 98 percent.

To make sure you’re getting effective UVA as well as UVB coverage, look for a sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher, plus some combination of the following UVA-screening ingredients: stabilized a avobenzone , ecamsule ( Mexoryl™), oxybenzone, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide.

The phrases multi spectrum, broad spectrum or UVA/UVB protection on sunscreen labels, all indicate that some UVA protection is provided along with UVB.

Prevention Guidelines for protection :-

1)Seek the shade, especially between 10 AM and 4 PM.

2)Do not burn.

3)Avoid tanning and UV tanning booths.

4)Cover up with clothing, including a broad-brimmed hat and UV-blocking  sunglasses.

5)Use a sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher every day.

6)Apply 1 ounce (2 tablespoons) of sunscreen to your entire body 30 minutes before going outside. Reapply every two hours, or immediately after swimming or excessive sweating.

7)Keep newborns out of the sun. Sunscreens should be used on babies over the age of six months.

 

Difference between UVA and UVB rays(UVA vs UVB) :-

1. UVA has a longer wavelength than UVB .

2. UVA has more penetrating power and penetrates glass while UVB does not penetrate glass.

3. UVA radiation penetrates the skin up to the dermis layer while UVB only reaches the epidermis.

4. UV radiation are harmful, UVB poses a higher risk factor than UVA because it causes direct DNA damage.

 

Reference:

http://www.skincancer.org/Understanding-UVA-and-UVB

Difference between Ivory and Bone

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Difference between Ivory and Bone
Ivory and bone are  seems like same as both are part of body of animal.Ivory is used in jewellery  etc where as we can not use bone as bone does not give good finish.Lets see more difference between Ivory and Bone.

Ivory:-

Ivory is formed from dentine and constitutes the bulk of the teeth and tusks of animals such as the elephant, hippopotamus, walrus, mammoth and narwhal. The most popular ivory is the tusk of the elephants. The teeth of seals also are considered as good ivory.

Bone:-

Bones are rigid organs that form part of the skeleton of vertebrates. They function to move, support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals. Bone will always have minute pores on the surface and these pores appear as black or brown. The pores are the result of the minute blood vessels which once ran through these bones. These may not be visible to the naked eye.
Ivory,have lines on the material instead of pores. The lines can be cross hatched or even in circular rings.Ivory is dense and have good finish.
The ivory obtained from the Asiatic elephants are much white denser and whiter than the African elephant tusks. The Asiatic ivory is much softer and hence carvings can be made intricately on these.

Fake Ivory:-

Fake ivory will have bone or powdered ivory on it. The hot pin test can be used to identify fake and synthetic ivory.
In this test, a person will heat a pin to red hot and try to pierce it into the ivory. If it is not real, the pin will pierce through the ivory. Using this simple test you can identify real ivory.
Ivory is harder than bone and hence it is not that easy to make a scratch on a piece of ivory as you can make on bone. It is easy to glue broken ivory because of the smooth and shiny texture.

Difference between Ivory and bone(Ivory vs bone):-

1.Ivory comes from the teeth and tusks of mammals while bones are the components of the skeletal systems.
2.Ivory can be used for jewelleries and many artistic item whereas bone cannot.
3.Bones have minute pores whereas Ivory has lines or circular rings.
4.Bones are very dry and coarse textured. Ivory is smooth and has a shiny texture.
5.Ivory is harder and cannot be broken easily where as bone are porous and can be broken.

difference between ox and buffalo

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Difference between Ox and Buffalo

Difference between Ox and buffalo can be observed by looking at them but there are some other fact which make them more different form each other.Some  people even think that both the terms ox and buffalo refer to the same animal.

Buffalo:-

The buffalo   is a large bovine(cattle) animal, frequently used as livestock in Asia, and also widely in South America, southern Europe, north Africa.

Ox:-

An ox is a bovine(cattle) animal trained as a draft animal. Oxen are commonly adult, castrated male cattle,.
.
Buffaloes are useful as they  are used in the traditional methods of agriculture, as dairy animals, and even for its meat. The dung of the buffalo is a good fertilizer and when dried, it can be used as a fuel in households in India(Asia).Now Bio gas is also obtained for dung which help to fulfill energy need of rural area.
Oxen are also useful as they  are trained as draft animals and used for threshing grains, powering machines which grind grain, and in other irrigational purposes.
Oxen are used to pull cart in villages so they are medium of transport , carrier etc.
The buffaloes can range from 400 to 900 kg in weight and the females are bigger than the males. The horns of the different varieties of buffaloes are different. River buffaloes have long curled horns while swamp buffaloes have gentle curved horns. Oxen are often lighter in shades than the buffaloes. According to the survey conducted by UNFO, 97% of the world’s buffalo population was in Asia.
Oxen are friendlier towards humans and are easier to train than the buffaloes. These animals require grass, water, and shade throughout the year and hence they are found very often in areas where there is an annual rainfall of more than 300 mm and the grassy savanna lands.

Difference between ox and buffalo(ox and buffalo):-

1.Buffaloes are bigger whereas Oxen are smaller than buffaloes.
2.Oxen are males(cows) and are often castrated. Buffaloes also are males but are not castrated.
3.Oxen are friendlier to human beings and they are easy to train. Buffaloes are not that friendly and easy to train.
4.Oxen are often used to do lighter works like pulling carts and irrigational purposes. Buffaloes are used majorly for the heavy works like agriculture and pulling logs.

Difference between communism and liberalism

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Difference between Communism and liberalism
Difference between Communism and liberalism lies in socio-economically  ideology.One believes in equality of community other believes in personal freedom.Lets see more about those difference which make them stand opposite to each other.

Communism:-

Communism is a socioeconomic structure and political ideology that promotes the establishment of  equal, classless, stateless society based on common ownership and control of the means of production and property in general.Karl Marx put firmly  that communism would be the final stage in human society.

Liberalism:-

Liberalism  is the ideology which belief  in the importance of individual freedom. This belief is widely accepted today throughout the world, and was recognized as an important value by many philosophers throughout history.

Social view:-

In communism, power is equally shared by everyone. But in Liberalism there is no power sharing but every one considers being free from the other. While Communism gives priority to the welfare of a society, liberalism gives priority to the rights of an individual.

Economic view:-

Economic liberalism had resulted in a vast concentration of wealth, with the majority of mankind living in a state of poverty. The economic world was shaken by a series of depressions. Freedom, which in the past had been threatened by autocratic governments, was now threatened by the despotism of the rich. Communism attempts to offer an alternative to the problems with the capitalist market economy and the legacy of imperialism and nationalism.
The dominant forms of communism, such as Leninism, Stalinism, Maoism and Trotskyism are based on Marxism, but non-Marxist versions of communism (such as Christian communism and anarchic-communism) also exist.
Countries follow communism are  China, Cuba, North Korea, Laos, and Vietnam. Where as liberalism followed by almost other countries.
Difference between Communism and Liberalism(Communism vs Liberalism):-
1)Communism  stands for equality of all. whereas Liberalism believes an individual is free from all interferences and restrictions.
2)communism emphasis that power is equally shared by everyone. Whereas  Liberalism have no power sharing but every one considers being free from the other.
3)Communism believes in a class less and state less society whereas liberalism have government which is elected by people.
4)communism is followed by china, Cuba, North Korea, Laos, and Vietnam whereas liberalism followed by almost rest of world.

Difference between egotist and egoist

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Difference between egotist and egoist
Egoist and egotist are the two word which hare derived form word ‘Ego’ which means ‘I ‘.Both of these word are negative and used for a self centred person ,but there are many difference between egotist and egoist.Let’s look into them.

Egotist:-
An egotist is a person who is interested in ‘I’ and keeps on talking about himself only. He always tries that all the conversation revolves around him.
Egoist:-
On the other hand an egoist believes that he is above all and so marvellous than every other person.
An egoist can be termed as a selfish person and an egotist as a self-centred person.
While an egotist talks only about himself and may talk a lot, an egoist is a person who may not talk much about himself but thinks he is excellent than anybody else.
An egotist is more cunning than an egoist. Unlike an egoist, an egotist will try to get what he wants by any crooked ways. No matter, be it straight or some devious way, which maters to an egotist but it is the achievement. In any way he will achieve what he has in mind.
An egotist can be said to be a boaster, just going around boasting of himself even if it does bring him problems.
An egoist is one who is not a boaster. An egoist may even talk less if he thinks it is going to adversely affect him. An egotist is one does not think of the consequences but an egoist evaluates the pros and cons of all actions.
Difference between egotist and egoist(egotist and egoist):-
1. A egoist can be termed as a selfish person and an egotist as a self-centred person.
2. An egotist is a person who is interested in ‘I’ and keeps on talking about himself only. An egoist believes that he is above all and better  than every other person.
3. An egotist will try to get what he wants by any crooked ways.
4. 5. An egoist is a person who cannot be called as mere boaster like the egotist.

Difference between Honda civic and Sonata

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Difference between Honda civic and Sonata

Civic and sonata are the two best cars in there segment.The Honda Civic,  is a Japan made car  and the Hyundai Sonata is a Korean manufactured mid-sized sedan .Difference between Honda civic and Sonata is not only the manufacturers country,lets see more of them.  


Sonata:-

The Hyundai Sonata is a Korean manufactured mid-sized sedan. It has gone a lot of revisions already and it has become one of the most popular commuter cars of today. The Sonata is primarily a low-end automobile that is available only in sedan body type.The Sonata’s practicality is its best feature. However, it is also its fault as it lacks personality that may grab a buyers  attention. Nevertheless, it is for bargain hunters that desires the best bang for their buck.
The Korean car has a 175-horsepower engine with 168 pound-feet of torque. It pulls off 21 mpg in the city and 32 mpg on the highway. The fuel tank capacity is 17.7 gallons. It has great interiors with lots of features. The warranty is impressive as well. Very cheap car considering the advantages it offers. MSRP range is $18,700 – $26,550.

Honda civic:-

The Honda Civic, on the other hand, is a Japan made car that boasts reliability and superior engineering. It has been one of the most popular compact cars in the US since its launch almost 4 decades ago. Among its competitors it has the perfect blend of high quality design and top-notch fuel economy with a comfortable price.
The Japanese car has been an established presence in the compact car scene. Its precision engineering and radical designs give it style and appeal. Since its launch, it has built a reputation of reliability and performance. Depending on the preference, drivers can choose between sedan and coupe body types.
Aside from the performance-oriented GX and Si trims, the Civic has a 140-horsepower engine with 128 pound-feet of torque and it is one of the most fuel efficient cars of today as it has 26 mpg in the city and 34 mpg on the highway. It has a slightly lower fuel tank capacity  13.2 gallons.
It is one of the most practical cars to have with an MSRP range of $15,455 – $25,340.

Difference between honda civic and Sonata(honda civic vs sonata):-

1. When it comes to horsepower, the Sonata has more engine power than the Civic. Sonata has a higher torque which make it accelerates faster than the Civic.
2. The Sonata has a higher tank capacity than the Civic.
3. Stylewise, Sonata lacks the fit and finish that the Civic can provide. Civic is pure style, economy, and personality while the Sonata is simply just practical.
4. The Civic trumps the Sonata when it comes to fuel economy.
5. The Civic may have the more impressive handling but the Sonata has better ride comfort due to its spacious headroom, leg room and rear seat.
6. The Civic has sedan and coupe body styles while the Sonata is only in sedan type.
7. The MSRP difference of the two cars is not very significant but the Civic would cost less than the Sonata. Civic is also known to have a better resell value.